Potential Causes of the Recent Rise in Adolescent Depression
Why Adolescents Today are More Depressed than Before
Keywords:
Depression, AdolescentAbstract
Rates of adolescent depression, along with rates of adolescent self-harm and suicide, have risen significantly within the past two decades. Despite this disturbing rise with severe consequences, we still do not know exactly that this rise entails, or what it has been caused by. There are several strong correlates of adolescent depression as well as many hypotheses as to why we are observing this rise. This paper discusses these correlates as potential causes and views each one in the vulnerability-stress framework. The strongest correlates came out to be technology use, social media use, and substance abuse. This paper creates a comprehensive list of the potential causes of the recent rise in adolescent depression. However, it is also worth considering that increased mental health awareness has simply led to more adolescents presenting to hospitals with their condition, which has led to an apparent rise in rates of depression. Nevertheless, increased efforts are necessary to bring more cases to light as a significant portion of the cases of adolescent depression go unreported.
References or Bibliography
T D. Armstrong and E J. Costello. Community studies on adolescent
substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 2002.
[Ado] Coles, m e., a ravid, b gibb, d george-denn, l r. bronstein and s mcleod.
”adolescent mental health literacy: young people’s knowledge of depression and social anxiety disorder.” journal of adolescent health 58.(2016):
-62.
[Arg17] N Arguera. School work, adolescent depression and the classroom. The
Journal of Fake Articles, 2017.
[AS10] F Sabatini Antoci, A and M Sodini. See you on facebook: The effect
of social networking on human interaction. JOURNAL, 2010.
[Cha] Chassin, l, a hussong and i beltran. ”adolescent substance use.” (2009).
[chi] Chinet, l, b plancherel, m bolognini, m bernard, j laget, g daniele and
o halfon. ”substance use and depression.” comparative course in adolescents. european child adolescent psychiatry 15.(2006): 149-155.
[Clo] Choudhury, m, m gamon, s counts and e horvitz. ”predicting depression
via social media.” icwsm (2013): 1-10.
[Croa] Cosma, a, g stevens, g martin, e l. duinhof, s d. walsh, i garcia-moya and
j inchley. ”cross- national time trends in adolescent mental well-being
from 2002 to 2018 and the explanatory role of schoolwork pressure.”
journal of adolescent health 66.(2020): S50-s58.
[Crob] Crowe, m, n ward, b dunnachie and m roberts. ”characteristics of
adolescent depression.” international journal of mental health nursing
(2006): 10-18.
[DEP] Bhasin, s k., r sharma and n k. saini. ”depression, anxiety and stress
among adolescent students belonging to affluent families: A schoolbased study.” the indian journal of pediatrics 77.(2010): 161-165.
[die] Dienlin, t and n johannes. ”the impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being.” dialogues in clinical neuroscience 22.(2020): 135.
[DSM] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). arlington, va: Author, 2013.
[Fei] Feiss, r, s b. dolinger, m merritt, e reiche, k martin, j a. yanes and
m pangelinan. ”a systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based
stress, anxiety, and depression prevention programs for adolescents.”
journal of youth and adolescence 48.(2019): 1668-1685.
[Fie] Field, t, d miguel and c sanders. ”adolescent depression and risk factors.” adolescence 36.(2001): 491.
[Flea] Fleming, c b., w a. mason, j j. mazza, r d. abbott and r f. catalano.
”latent growth modeling of the relationship between depressive symptoms and substance use during adolescence.” psychology of addictive
behaviors 22.(2008): 186.
[fleb] Fletcher, j m.. ”adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment.” health economics 17. (2008): 1215-1235.
[Gala] Galaif, e r., s sussman, m d. newcomb and t f. locke. ”suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: a review of empirical findings.” international journal of adolescent medicine and health 19.(2007):
[Galb] Galloway, m, j conner and d pope. ”nonacademic effects of homework in
privileged, high- performing high schools.” the journal of experimental
education 81.(2013): 490-510.
[Gil] Gill, b p. and s l. schlossman. ”villain or savior? the american discourse
on homework, 1850- 2003.” theory into practice 43.(2004): 174-181.
[Goo] Goodman, e and b huang. ”socioeconomic status, depressive symptoms, and adolescent substance use.” archives of pediatrics adolescent
medicine 156.(2002): 448-453.
[Han] Hankin, b l.. ”adolescent depression: Description, causes, and interventions.” epilepsy behavior 8.(2006): 102-114.
[Hara] Harding, f m., r w. hingson, m klitzner, j f. mosher, j brown, r m. vincent
and c l. cannon. ”underage drinking: a review of trends and prevention
strategies.” american journal of preventive medicine 51.(2016): S148-
s157.
[Harb] Harrington, r. ”depression, suicide and deliberate self-harm in adolescence.” british medical bulletin 57.(2001): 47-60.
[Haw] Hawton, k, k e. saunders and r c. o’connor. ”self-harm and suicide in
adolescents.” the lancet 379.(2012): 2373-2382.
[Hom] Costley, k c.. ”does homework really improve achievement?.” (2013).
[Imp] Dienlin, t and n johannes. ”the impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being.” dialogues in clinical neuroscience 22.(2020): 135.
[Lal] Lal, k. ”academic stress among adolescents in relation to intelligence
and demographic factors.” american international journal of research
in humanities 1 (2014): 123-129.
[Lif] Eley, t c. and j stevenson. ”specific life events and chronic experiences
differentially associated with depression and anxiety in young twins.”
journal of abnormal child psychology 28.(2000): 383-394.
[Liu] Liu, y and z lu. ”chinese high school students’ academic stress and
depressive symptoms: gender and school climate as moderators.” stress
and health 28.(2012).
[Mad] Madge, n, k hawton, e m. mcmahon, p corcoran, d leo, e j. wilde and e
arensman. ”psychological characteristics, stressful life events and deliberate self-harm: findings from the child adolescent self-harm in europe
(case) study.” european child adolescent psychiatry 20.(2011): 499.
[Mara] Marmorstein, n r., h r. white, r loeber and m stouthamer-loeber. ”anxiety as a predictor of age at first use of substances and progression to
substance use problems among boys.” journal of abnormal child psychology 38.(2010): 211-224.
[Marb] Marzano, r j. and d j. pickering. ”special topic: The case for and against
homework.” educational leadership 64.(2007): 74-79.
[Med] Medina, k l., b j. nagel, a park, t mcqueeny and s f. tapert. ”depressive
symptoms in adolescents: associations with white matter volume and
marijuana use.” journal of child psychology and psychiatry 48.(2007):
-600.
[Rel] Bottorff, j l., j l. johnson, b m. moffat and t mulvogue. ”relief-oriented
use of marijuana by teens.” substance abuse treatment 1 (2009): 1-10.
[Sav] Savci, m and f aysan. ”technological addictions and social connectedness: Predictor effect of internet addiction, social media addiction, digital game addiction and smartphone addiction on social connectedness.”
dusunen adam: Journal of psychiatry neurological sciences 30.(2017).
[Sil] Silk, j s., g j. siegle, k h. lee, e e. nelson, l r. stroud and r e. dahl.
”increased neural response to peer rejection associated with adolescent
depression and pubertal development.” social cognitive and affective
neuroscience 9.(2014): 1798-1807.
[Sin] Singh, t, r a. arrazola, c g. corey, c g. husten, l j. neff, d m. homa and b
a. king. ”tobacco use among middle and high school students—united
states, 2011–2015.” morbidity and mortality weekly report 65.(2016):
-367.
[Tsu] Tsuno, n, a besset and k ritchie. ”sleep and depression.” (2005)
[Twe] Twenge, j m.. ”why increases in adolescent depression may be linked to
the technological environment.” current opinion in psychology (2020):
-94.
[Vas] Vashishtha, r, m livingston, a pennay, p dietze, s maclean, j holmes
and d i. lubman. ”why is adolescent drinking declining? a systematic
review and narrative synthesis.” addiction research theory 28.(2020):
-288.
[Win] Winerman, l. ”(2017, march).” by the numbers: The
cost of treatment. n.p.: n.p., n.d.. 27 aug. 2020.
¡https://www.apa.org/monitor/2017/03/numbers¿.
[Woo] Woods, h c. and h scott. ” sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence
is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low selfesteem.” journal of adolescence (2016): 41- 49.
[Wu] Wu, y j., c outley, d matarrita-cascante and t p. murphrey. ”a systematic review of recent research on adolescent social connectedness and
mental health with internet technology use.” adolescent research review
(2016): 153-162.
Downloads
Posted
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Jedidiah Kim
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The copyright holder for this article has granted JSR.org a license to display the article in perpetuity.