The Effects of the Pineal Gland and Melatonin on Sleep Disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v13i3.2620Keywords:
Pineal gland and MelatoninAbstract
Sleep disorders are prevalent and impactful conditions that significantly affect individuals' health and well-being. This research paper provides an in-depth exploration of the effects and roles the pineal gland and melatonin play in regulating sleep patterns and their relations to various sleep disorders, including insomnia, hypersomnolence, and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Furthermore, the paper examines the genetic factors related to melatonin and their influence on sleep disturbances. Ongoing clinical trials are also evaluated to study the effectiveness of melatonin combined with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and how CBT is used to reduce parasomnias. While significant progress has been made in understanding the pineal gland, melatonin, and sleep disorders, there are still many unanswered questions and opportunities for further research. Through advanced research and studies, we can continue to deepen our understanding of sleep disorders and develop personalized treatments to address individuals' unique needs.
Downloads
Metrics
References or Bibliography
Adam, R., Kanakarajan, S., Onyeakazi, U., Columb, M., & Galley, H. (2020). Phase II double-blind randomised controlled trial of exogenous administration of melatonin in chronic pain (DREAM—CP): a study protocol. BMJ Open, 10(3), e034443. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034443
Arendt, J., & Aulinas, A. (2022, October 30). Physiology of the pineal gland and melatonin. Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK550972
Beker, M. C., Caglayan, B., Caglayan, A. B., Kelestemur, T., Yalcin, E., Caglayan, A., Kilic, U., Baykal, A. T., Reiter, R. J., & Kilic, E. (2019). Interaction of melatonin and Bmal1 in the regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway components and cellular survival. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55663-0
Bollu, P., Manjamalai, S., Thakkar, M., & Sahota. P. (2018). Hypersomnia. National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6139790/#:~:text=Hypersomnolence%20is%20defined %20as%20an,sleepiness%20are%20called%20sleep%20attacks.
Brzezinski, A., Rai, S., Purohit, A., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2021). Melatonin, clock genes, and mammalian reproduction: What is the link? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(24), 13240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413240
ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02798367?cond=Insomnia&term=Melatonin&rank=1
ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.-b). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00238108?cond=Sleep%20Disorder&term=Melatonin&rank=8
ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.-c). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05678439?cond=Sleep%20Disorder&rank=1
ClinicalTrials.gov. (n.d.-d). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04633668?cond=Sleep%20Disorder&rank=3
Karna, B., Sankari, A., & Tatikonda, G. (2023, June 11). Sleep disorder. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560720/#:~:text=Maintain%20a%20regular%20schedule%20%2C%20i.e.,but%20not%20right%20before%20bedtime
Krystal, A. D., Ashbrook, L. H., & Prather, A. A. (2021). What is insomnia? JAMA, 326(23), 2444. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.19283
MSc, A. K. M. (2020, November 16). The role of melatonin in the circadian rhythm Sleep-Wake cycle. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/role-melatonin-circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-cycle
Patke, A., Murphy, P., Onat, O., Krieger, A., Özçelik, T., Campbell, C., & Young, M. (2017). Mutation of the Human Circadian Clock Gene CRY1 in Familial Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder. National Library of Medicine, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5479574/
Poza, J., Pujol, M., Ortega-Albás, J., & Romero, O. (2022). Melatonin in sleep disorders. Neurología, 37(7), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.08.004
Restivo, J. (2023, October 20). Sleep paralysis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/sleep-paralysis-causes-symptoms-and-treatments
Rodríguez-Santana, C., Florido, J., Martínez-Ruiz, L., López-Rodríguez, A., Acuña-Castroviejo, D., & Escames, G. (2023). Role of melatonin in cancer: Effect on clock genes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3), 1919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031919
Sapède, D., & Cau, E. (2013). The Pineal Gland from Development to Function. In Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology (pp. 171–215). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00005-5
Slowik, J. M., Collen, J. F., & Yow, A. G. (2023, June 12). Narcolepsy. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459236/
Suni, E., & Singh, A. (2024, January 2). Sleep apnea. Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-apnea
Tuft, C., Matar, E., Schrire, Z. M., Grunstein, R. R., Yee, B. J., & Hoyos, C. M. (2023). Current Insights into the Risks of Using Melatonin as a Treatment for Sleep Disorders in Older Adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 18, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s361519
What are circadian rhythm disorders? | NHLBI, NIH. (2022b, March 24). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/circadian-rhythm-disorders#:~:text=Circadian%20rhythm%20disorders%20%2C%20also%20known,cycles%20about%20every%2024%20hours
Zhao, D., Wang, R., Liu, D., Wu, Y., Sun, J., & Tao, J. (2018b). Melatonin and Expression of Tryptophan Decarboxylase Gene (TDC) in Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) Flowers. Molecules/Molecules Online/Molecules Annual, 23(5), 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051164
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhil Anandan; Dr. Prahlad Parajuli
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.
