Transition to a Green Planet: Exploring Roadmap Designs for Electric Bus Transformation in Different Cities

Abstract

To mitigate the effects of the energy shortage and develop sustainability, governments are paying attention to the transformation of electric buses (e-buses) systems. Therefore, in this article, we develop a well-rounded conversion plan for 10 years that can be applied to a variety of cities. Ecological consequences are considered in the plan along with financial implications calculated by fundamental economic principles. Through an innovative use of the Markov Chain, we create a Survival Probability Matrix to precisely visualize the number of batteries consumed each year. Furthermore, by constraining the level of pollution of charging stations to the environment as well as maximizing the working efficiency of stations, we determine the optimum number of stations and their locations. We specify our model with the factors by taking individual bus routes and stations into consideration so that each route is planned to relieve the execution burden of local government. To gain results from our model, we adapt the Mont Carlo principles into our original Progressive Algorithm. Our model applies to three metropolitan regions: Helsinki, Perth, and Singapore. Utilizing the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data provided by local officials, we graph the specific routes to be transformed annually and plot the ideal charging station locations.^[1]