Global Refugee Crisis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v13i1.6261Keywords:
Refugee. Children. Healthcare. DisabilityAbstract
This essay explores the often-ignored historical intersections of forced migration and disability. This intersectional approach directs attention to understudied dimensions of how crossing inequalities of race, class, national origin, and ability can shape the experiences of subordinate groups in various ways. Disabled refugees and asylum seekers are the most economically and socially disadvantaged members of society. This displaced population is at heightened risk for abuse, exploitation, and violence. Through the conceptual frameworks of human rights, disability studies, and critical refugee studies, this paper looks the United Nations 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1981 International Year of the Disabled Person and their impact on contemporary policies toward refugees. By analyzing these historical policies, we can gleam insight into ways for improving resettlement policies and practices for disabled refugees in the contemporary moment.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
Annamma, Subini, David Connor, Beth Ferri. “Dis/ability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit): Theorizing at the Intersections of Race and Dis/ability.” Race Ethnicity and Education, vol 16, no.1 (2013): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2012.730511 [Accessed December 2022].
Asylum Access. https://asylumaccess.org/what-is-the-1951-refugee-convention-and-how-does-it-support-human-rights/ [Accessed March 2022].
Barnett, Michael. Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism. Cornell University, 2013.
Bešić, Edvina and Lea Hochgattererm. “Refugee Families with Children with Disabilities: Exploring Their Social Network and Support Needs.” Fronters in Education, 5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00061 [Accessed December 2022].
Betts, Alexander. Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement and Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System. Cornell University Press, 2013.
Bradford, Anita C., Suffer the Little Children: Child Migration and the Geopolitics of Compassion in the United States. University of North Carolina Press, 2022.
Chen, Ariel et al., “The Evolution of the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY).” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, vol. 49 (2015): 10-15.
Dimitraiadi, Angeliki. “Introduction: Delineating the Linkages.” Irregular Afghan Migration to Europe: At the Margins, Looking In, (ed.) Angeliki Dimitriadi. Springer, 2018. pp. 1-30.
Erevelles, Nirmala, “The Color of Violence: Reflecting on Gender, Race, and Disability in Wartime.” Feminist Disability Studies, (ed.) Kim Q. Hall. Indiana University Press, 2011, pp. 117-35.
Etzel, Morgan. “New models of the “Good Refugee” – Bureaucratic Expectations of Syrian Refugees in Germany,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol 45, no. 6 (2022): 1115-1134, DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2021.1954679. [Accessed March 2023].
Federal Statistical Office. Schutzsuchende – Ergebnisse des Ausländerzentralregisters. [Protection Seekers – Results of the Central Register of Foreigners], 2021.
Flegar, Veronika. “UNHCR’s Shifting Frames in the Social Construction of Disabled Refugees: Two Case Studies on the Organization’s Work During the World Refugee Year (1959-1960) and the International Year of the Disabled Persons (1981).” Diplomatica 1 (2019): 157-179.
Gäbel, Ulrike et al. “Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Ways to Identify Asylum Procedures.” Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 35 (2006): 12–20. doi: 10.1026/1616-3443.35.1.12. [Accessed May 2023].
Gatrell, Peter. Free World? The Campaign to save the World’s Refugees, 1956–1963. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Gatrell, Peter. The Making of the Modern Refugee. Oxford University Press, 2013.
Health for Asylum Seekers and Refugees Portal 2003. http://www.harpweb.org.uk/ [Accessed June 2023]
Help Age International & Handicap International. Hidden Victims of the Syrian Crisis: Disabled, Injured and Older Refugees, 2014.
Karanja, Michael. “Disability in Contexts of Displacement.” Disability Studies Quarterly, vol 29, no. 4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v29i4.969 [Accessed June 2023].
King, Gillian et al. “Immigrant and Refugee Families Raising Children with Disabling Conditions: A Review of the International Literature on Service Access, Service Utilization, and Service Experiences.” US Immigration and Education: Cultural and Policy Issues Across the Lifespan, (ed.) Grigorenko. Springer Publishing Company, 2013. pp. 179–206.
Koser, Khalid, and Richard Black. “The End of the Refugee Cycle?” The End of the Refugee Cycle?: Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction, edited by Khalid Koser and Richard Black. Berghahn Books, 1999. pp. 2-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcp3z.7. [Accessed June 2023].
Łaciak, Beata, and Justyna Segeš Frelak. “The Wages of Fear: Attitudes Towards Refugees and Migrants in Poland.” Research Reports Recommendations. Warsaw: Institute for Public Affairs, 2018.
Lischer, Sarah. “Causes and Consequences of Conflict-Induced Displacement.” Civil Wars, vol. 9, no. 2 (2007): 142-155.
Loescher, Gilburt. The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Nilles, Hannah et al., “Coping of Young Refugees in Germany.” European Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 29, no. 1 (2022): 15-25.
Norredam M. et al., “Access to Health Care for Asylum Seekers in the European Union—a Comparative Study of Country Policies.” European Journal of Public Health (2006): 286–90.
Ogata, Sadako. “Foreword.” The Refugee Convention 1951: The Travaux Preparatoires Analysed with a Commentary by Dr. Paul Weis. Geneva: UNHCR, 1991. https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html [Accessed June 2023].
Pisani, Maria, et al. “Disability and Forced Migration: Intersections and Critical Debates.” Disability in the Global South (2016): 285-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42488-0_18 [Accessed June 2023].
Pisani, Maria and Shaun Grech. “Disability and Forced Migration: Critical Intersectionalities.” Disability and Global South, vol. 2 (2015): 421–441.
Roberts, Keri and Jennifer Harris. Disabled People in Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Communities. Policy Press, 2002.
Rioux, M. and E. Zubrow. “Social Disability and the Public Good.” The Market or the Public Domain: Global Governance and the Asymmetry of Power. D. Drache (ed.), London: Routledge, 2001. pp. 148-171.
Shah, Nayan. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown, University of California Press, 2001.
Stienstra, Deborah. “Disabling Globalization: Rethinking Global Political Economy with a Disability Lens.” Global Society, vol.16, no. 2 (2002): 109–21.
The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, The Human Rights Years, 1945-1948. https://vdoc.pub/download/the-eleanor-roosevelt-papers-the-human-rights-years-1945-1948-4kaog1i78060 [Accessed June 2023].
United Nations. Geneva Convention –Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951.
United Nations. World Refugee Year: The Long Wait – World Refugee Year and the Handicapped, 1959.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global Trends Report, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/global-trends-report-2022.pdf [Accessed May 3, 2023]
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Addressing the Causes of Migratory and Refugee Movements: The Role of the European Union, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/3e19ac624.pdf [Accessed March 2022]
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Refugee Facts. https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/statistics/ [Accessed March 2022].
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Addressing the Causes of Migratory and Refugee Movements: The Role of the European Union, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/media/addressing-causes-migratory-and-refugee-movements-role-european-union-christina-boswell [Accessed June 2023]
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Persons with Disabilities, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/persons-disabilities [Accessed March 2022].
United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants World Refugee Survey, 2006.
World Health Organization. World Report on Disability, 2011.
Women’s Refugee Commission. Disability Inclusion Translating Policy into Practice in Humanitarian Action, 2004.
Women's Refugee Commission. Disability, 2019. https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/disabilities [Accessed June 2023].
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Ethan Park
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.
