Understanding Alzheimer's Disease
Exploring Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Treatment Options
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v13i1.6167Keywords:
Neuropsychiatric symptoms, Pathogenesis, amyloid-B plaques, Tau tangles, Vascular abnormalities, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Oxidative stress, Neuroinflammation, Genetic factors, Neuroimaging, Neuropatholical studies, Cholinesterase inhibitors, Antipsychotics, Serotonergic agents, Aromatherapy, APOE gene, Aducanumab, GantenerumabAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions worldwide, leading to cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms. This paper provides a comprehensive review of AD, its pathogenesis, and the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms. It explores AD’s historical context and the pivotal role of brain regions in its pathogenesis. AD presents a significant public health challenge, with nearly 50 million individuals affected globally and a growing prevalence.
The pathogenesis of AD involves the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques, tau tangles, vascular abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. These factors contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Genetic factors, neuroimaging, and neuropathological studies shed light on the mechanisms underlying these symptoms.
Past medications, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, and serotonergic agents, have been used to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD. However, their efficacy varies, and some carry risks. Recent clinical trials have explored potential anti-amyloid agents and non-pharmacological therapies. These studies highlight the need for innovative treatments.
Non-pharmacological therapies, including physical activity, cognitive stimulation, social engagement, environmental modifications, caregiver education, and sensory-based interventions, aim to improve the quality of life for individuals with AD and their caregivers. Clinical trials suggest that physical fitness interventions and cognitive stimulation, particularly virtual reality, hold promise. Aromatherapy has shown the potential to enhance cognitive function in AD.
Understanding the complexity of AD and its neuropsychiatric symptoms is essential for developing effective treatment strategies. While progress has been made, further research is needed to improve the lives of those affected by this devastating neurodegenerative disorder.
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