Ethical Considerations and Societal Impact of Personalized Advertising Algorithms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i4.5910Keywords:
Personalized Advertisements, Data Mining, Ethical ConsiderationsAbstract
Data mining and algorithmic decisions making have reshaped marketing by allowing businesses to present products best applicable to the user in the shape of personalized advertisements. Using algorithms with pre-coded biases, companies can exploit data in order to increase revenue. Companies will present inferior products or services to certain demographics with a low-household income or higher quality products to high income neighborhoods. This is problematic as it not only violates ethics but prolongs discrimination in marginalized communities. Indeed, businesses over the years have targeted specific audiences based on data gathered to recommend products or even sway a presidential election. However, in recent years, there has been a rise in government regulations and various regulatory frameworks. The European Union has forced companies to be more transparent about their data mining technologies. In addition, there are various ways companies can increase their own integrity by enforcing regulation within the company itself. This paper analyzes the ethics of personalized advertisements and its impact on society; it also investigates specific companies and highlights possible solutions to the problem.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
Ali, M. (2021, September 13). Measuring and mitigating bias and harm in personalized advertising. Northeastern University. https://ccs.neu.edu/~mali/papers/recsys21-26.pdf
Barocas, Solon and Barocas, Solon and Selbst, Andrew D., Big Data's Disparate Impact (2016). 104 California Law Review 671 (2016), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2477899 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2477899
Boerboom, C. (2020). Cambridge Analytica: The Scandal on Data Privacy. In Augustana Center for the Study of Ethics Essay Contest (pp. xx-xx). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/ethicscontest/18
Borgerson, Janet L. and Schroeder, Jonathan E., Identity in Marketing Communications: An Ethics of Visual Representation. MARKETING COMMUNICATION: NEW APPROACHES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND STYLES, Allan J. Kimmel, ed., pp. 256-277, Oxford University Press, 2005 , Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=969079
Chen, Q., Feng, Y., Liu, L., & Tian, X. (2019). Understanding consumers’ reactance of online personalized advertising: A new scheme of rational choice from a perspective of negative effects. International Journal of Information Management, 44, 53-64. ISSN 0268-4012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.09.001.
Confessore, N. (2018, April 4). Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The scandal and the fallout so far. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html
Data Mining for Advertising. (2022, October 28). Edubirdie. Retrieved August 17, 2023, from https://edubirdie.com/examples/data-mining-for-advertising/
DeepAI. (2019, May 17). Hidden layer. DeepAI. https://deepai.org/machine-learning-glossary-and-terms/hidden-layer-machine-learning#:~:text=In%20neural%20networks%2C%20a%20hidden,inputs%20entered%20into%20the%20network.
Dertat, A. (2017, October 9). Applied deep learning - part 1: Artificial Neural Networks. Medium. https://towardsdatascience.com/applied-deep-learning-part-1-artificial-neural-networks-d7834f67a4f6
The Ethics of Data Mining. Texas A&M International University Online. (2022, November 23). https://online.tamiu.edu/articles/information-science/ethics-of-data-mining.aspx#:~:text=Ethical%20Concerns%20in%20Data%20Mining&text=Transparency%3A%20Customers%20should%20have%20a,for%20forgiveness%20after%20the%20fact
Gironda, J. T., & Korgaonkar, P. K. (2018). iSpy? Tailored versus Invasive Ads and Consumers’ Perceptions of Personalized Advertising. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 29, 64-77. ISSN 1567-4223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2018.03.007.
Häußler, H. (2021). The Underlying Values of Data Ethics Frameworks: A Critical Analysis of Discourses and Power Structures. Libri, 71(4), 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1515/libri-2021-0095
Hill, K. (2022, October 12). How target figured out a teen girl was pregnant before her father did. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/02/16/how-target-figured-out-a-teen-girl-was-pregnant-before-her-father-did/?sh=7f7413c76668
How is data mining used in marketing: Comptia. Default. (n.d.). https://www.comptia.org/content/articles/how-is-data-mining-used-in-marketing#:~:text=Data%20mining%20makes%20it%20possible,fuels%20data%20mining%20in%20marketing
Instapage. (2023, January 1). Advertising personalization and landing pages: The next wave in digital marketing. Instapage. https://instapage.com/blog/what-is-personalized-advertising/#:~:text=Personalized%20advertising%20is%20the%20act,intent%2C%20and%20even%20behavioral%20patterns
Joseph, S. R., Hlomani, H., & Letsholo, K. (2016, April). Data Mining Algorithms: An overview - researchgate. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sethunya-Joseph/publication/309211028_Data_Mining_Algorithms_An_Overview/links/5805e8e008aeb85ac85e3708/Data-Mining-Algorithms-An-Overview.pdf
Kirk, E. (2022, November 10). Council post: Why data privacy should matter to advertisers. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinessdevelopmentcouncil/2022/11/09/why-data-privacy-should-matter-to-advertisers/?sh=36cdb5654e16
Kuhn, G. (2023, January 8). How target used data analytics to predict pregnancies. Market Research Company New York. https://www.driveresearch.com/market-research-company-blog/how-target-used-data-analytics-to-predict-pregnancies/
Invisibly. (2023, February 2). Personalization algorithms: Why it matters and how it impacts people. Invisibly. https://www.invisibly.com/learn-blog/personalization-algorithms/
Lorenzo, Patricia and Padilla, Jorge and Requejo, Alejandro, Consumer Preferences for Personal Data Protection in Social Networks: A Choice Modelling Exercise (October 21, 2020). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3716206 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3716206
Lubin, G. (2012, February 16). The incredible story of how target exposed a teen girl’s pregnancy. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/the-incredible-story-of-how-target-exposed-a-teen-girls-pregnancy-2012-2#:~:text=Pole%20identified%2025%20products%20that,Pole%27s%20formula%20was%20a%20beast
Nwachukwu, S. L. S., Vitell, S. J., Gilbert, F. W., & Barnes, J. H. (1997). Ethics and Social Responsibility in Marketing: An Examination of the Ethical Evaluation of Advertising Strategies. Journal of Business Research, 39(2), 107-118. ISSN 0148-2963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(96)00146-4.
Setyani, V., Zhu, Y.-Q., Hidayanto, A. N., Sandhyaduhita, P. I., & Hsiao, B. (2019). Exploring the psychological mechanisms from personalized advertisements to urge to buy impulsively on social media. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 96-107. ISSN 0268-4012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.007.
Stephen, A. T. (2016). The role of digital and social media marketing in consumer behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 17-21. ISSN 2352-250X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.016.
Tucker, C. E. (2014). Social Networks, Personalized Advertising, and Privacy Controls. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(5), 546–562. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0355
M, S. (2023, July 27). 14 big data examples & applications across industries. Simplilearn.com. https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/big-data-tutorial/big-data-applications
Pedamkar, P. (2023, March 23). Models in data mining: Techniques: Algorithms: Types. EDUCBA. https://www.educba.com/models-in-data-mining/
Raitaluoto, T. (2023, May 11). The ethical considerations of Personalized Marketing. Markettailor. https://www.markettailor.io/blog/ethical-considerations-of-personalized-marketing
Schneble, C. O., Elger, B. S., & Shaw, D. (2018). The Cambridge Analytica affair and Internet-mediated research. EMBO reports, 19(8), e46579. https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201846579
Strycharz, J., van Noort, G., Smit, E., Helberger, N. (2019). Consumer View on Personalized Advertising: Overview of Self-Reported Benefits and Concerns. In: Bigne, E., Rosengren, S. (eds) Advances in Advertising Research X. European Advertising Academy. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24878-9_5
upGrad. (2022, September 21). Top 10 most common data mining algorithms you should know. upGrad blog. https://www.upgrad.com/blog/common-data-mining-algorithms/
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Anirudh Parasrampuria; Katherine Williams
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.