Recommendations for United States Pandemic Prevention After COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i4.5195Keywords:
COVID-19, coronavirus, pandemic, pandemic prevention, pandemic response, global health, public healthAbstract
Severe acute respiratory system coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that was responsible for the 2020 pandemic. As of June 2023, it has resulted in over 700 million confirmed cases and almost 7 million deaths globally (WHO, 2023). The United States suffered the most during the early pandemic, surpassing 1 million cases and 100,000 deaths by June 2020 (CDC, 2023). Several factors affected the US’s response to the SARs-CoV2 outbreak, including social forces, public health legislation, and the healthcare system. These all altered the rate at which COVID spread among Americans, as well as its lethality. This review examines the effects various factors had on the US government’s COVID-19 response, and how they either positively or negatively affected the spread of SARS-CoV2. This is a multidisciplinary review focused on not only the mechanisms of the virus, but also on political and social factors. Based on the successes and shortcomings of the United States COVID-19 response, this paper suggests recommendations that will help the United States respond more effectively to the next pandemic similar to the novel coronavirus outbreak.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
WHO. (2023, May 18). WHO COVID-19 dashboard. World Health Organization. https://covid19.who.int/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, August 16). CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html
Alexander, M., Unruh, L., Koval, A., & Belanger, W. (2021). United States Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, January-November 2020. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 17(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1744133121000116
Chams, N., Chams, S., Badran, R., Shams, A., Araji, A., Raad, M., Mukhopadhyay, S., Stroberg, E., Duval, E. J., Barton, L. M., & Hajj Hussein, I. (2020). COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00383
Bohn, Mary Kathryn, et al. “Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Mechanisms Underlying Disease Severity and Progression.” Physiology, vol. 35, no. 5, American Physiological Society, Sept. 2020, pp. 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00019.2020.
Raveendran, A. V., et al. “Long COVID: An Overview.” Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, vol. 15, no. 3, Elsevier BV, May 2021, pp. 869–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.007.
Islam, Hadie, et al. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Countywide Mask Mandates at Reducing SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the United States.” Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, vol. 122, no. 4, De Gruyter, Jan. 2022, pp. 211–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/jom-2021-0214.
Ruiz, Monica S., et al. “Maintaining Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Practices and Policies: A Systematic Observational Study of Masking and Distancing in the District of Columbia and Other US States (Preprint).” JMIR Publications, June 2022, https://doi.org/10.2196/40138.
Jacobs, Philip, and Arvi Ohinmaa. “The Enforcement of Statewide Mask Wearing Mandates to Prevent COVID-19 in the US: An Overview.” F1000Research, vol. 9, Faculty of 1000, Sept. 2020, p. 1100. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25907.1.
Park, Jung-Woo, et al. “mRNA Vaccines for COVID-19: What, Why and How.” International Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 17, no. 6, Ivyspring International Publisher, Jan. 2021, pp. 1446–60. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.59233.
Juneau, Carl-Etienne, et al. “Effective Contact Tracing for COVID-19: A Systematic Review.” Global Epidemiology, vol. 5, Elsevier BV, Dec. 2023, p. 100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100103.
Simmons-Duffin, Selena. “COVID-19 Contact Tracing Workforce Barely ‘Inching up’ as Cases Surge.” NPR, 14 Oct. 2020, www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/10/14/923468159/covid-19-contact-tracing-workforce-barely-inching-up-as-cases-surge.
Kenen, Joanne. “How Testing Failures Allowed Coronavirus to Sweep the U.S.” POLITICO, 6 Mar. 2020, www.politico.com/news/2020/03/06/coronavirus-testing-failure-123166.
Tan, Yongtian Tina, and Aaron S. Kesselheim. “Implementing U.S. Covid-19 Testing: Regulatory and Infrastructural Challenges.” Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics, vol. 48, no. 3, SAGE Publishing, Jan. 2020, pp. 608–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958889.
Frieden, Tom. “Which Countries Have Responded Best to Covid-19?” WSJ, 1 Jan. 2021, www.wsj.com/articles/which-countries-have-responded-best-to-covid-19-11609516800.
Forster, Timon, and Mirko Heinzel. “Reacting, Fast and Slow: How World Leaders Shaped Government Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 28, no. 8, Routledge, June 2021, pp. 1299–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1942157.
Human Coronavirus Types | CDC. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) – World Health Organization. 23 June 2023, www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
Guo, Yanrong, et al. “The Origin, Transmission and Clinical Therapies on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak – an Update on the Status.” Military Medical Research, vol. 7, no. 1, Springer Science+Business Media, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Albert Zhang; Reto Asmis, Avi-Yona Israel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.
