The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth of Apium graveolens
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i3.5093Keywords:
AMF, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Apium graveolens, Golden Self-Blanching Celery, mutualistic relationshipsAbstract
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi are obligate biotrophs, meaning they extract nutrients solely from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts (Besemer, 2021). AMF also are symbionts; they are able to form a mutualistic relationship with plants (Tracey Besemer, 2021). To find the ideal amount of fungus that accelerated plant growth, research was conducted on Golden Self-Blanching Celery seeds, also known as Apium graveolens. The hypothesis states that the celery plants with AMF would exhibit more growth than the control because AMF can aid in reducing fertilizer amounts that cause pollution and conserve water during droughts in the future. The experiment was conducted in bins with equal amounts of soil and differing quantities of AMF. The results showed that the control group without any AMF grew the best due to a multitude of reasons such as the altering amounts of water during the experiment and a lack of natural sunlight. One goal for future experiments is to control confounding factors that can inhibit or improve the growth of the Golden Self-Blanching Celery plant.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
Arnall, Brian, et al. “Nutrient Loss and Water Quality - Oklahoma State University.” Nutrient Loss and Water Quality | Oklahoma State University, 1 July 2019, https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/nutrient-loss-and-water-quality.html#:~:text=Drainage%20of%20soil%20water%20can,move%20beyond%20the%20root%20zone.
Begum N, Qin C, Ahanger MA, Raza S, Khan MI, Ashraf M, Ahmed N and Zhang L (2019) Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Growth Regulation: Implications in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Front. Plant Sci. 10:1068. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01068
Besemer, Tracey. “Why Is There White Mold on My Houseplant Soil & How Do I Fix It?” Rural Sprout, 3 Jan. 2022, https://www.ruralsprout.com/houseplant-white-mold/#:~:text=The%20fuzzy%20growth%20of%20white,Mushrooms%20are%20a%20great%20example.
Briggs, G. M. (n.d.). Chapter 25: Plant Growth-patterns, limitations and models. Inanimate Life. https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/botany/chapter/plant-growth-patterns-limitations-and-model/#:~:text=As%20would%20be%20expected%2C%20plants,plants%20with%20less%20leaf%20area
Boeckmann, Catherine. “Celery.” Almanac.Com, 23 May 2023, www.almanac.com/plant/celery.
California Department of Water Resources. (2015). Drought. Ca.gov. https://water.ca.gov/Water-Basics/Drought
Cal Fire. (2019). Welcome to Stats & Events. Ca.gov. https://www.fire.ca.gov/stats-events/
Celery. (n.d.). Www.agmrc.org. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/celery#:~:text=During%202017%2C%20U.S.%20consumers%20used
Definition of SOILBORNE. (n.d.). Www.merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/soilborne#:~:text=%3A%20transmitted%20by%20or%20in%20soil
De Lucca, A. J. (2007). Harmful fungi in both agriculture and medicine. Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia, 24(1), 3–13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592884/
Dunn, B., Leckie, R., & Singh, H. (2017, April 1). Mycorrhizal fungi - Oklahoma State University. Mycorrhizal Fungi | Oklahoma State University. https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/mycorrhizal-fungi.html#:~:text=Plants%20that%20do%20not%20respond,%2C%20rhododendron%2C%20sedge%20and%20spinach
Food Production and Population Growth: A Cautionary Tale. (n.d.). Center for Commercial Agriculture. https://ag.purdue.edu/commercialag/home/paer-article/food-production-and-population-growth-a-cautionary-tale/#:~:text=The%20Food%20and%20Agriculture%20Organization
Frąc, M., Hannula, S. E., Bełka, M., & Jędryczka, M. (2018). Fungal biodiversity and their role in Soil Health. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00707
García-Garrido, José M, and Juan A Ocampo. “Regulation of the Plant Defence Response in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.” Academic.Oup.Com, 2002, academic.oup.com/jxb/article/53/373/1377/457415.
Jdlanier. (2016, January 15). The Impact of Salts on Plants and How to Reduce Plant Injury from Winter Salt Applications. Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment. https://ag.umass.edu/landscape/fact-sheets/impact-of-salts-on-plants-how-to-reduce-plant-injury-from-winter-salt#:~:text=Sodium%20and%20chloride%20ions%20separate
Kollea Automatic Watering System, Indoor Plant Self Watering System. (n.d.). Kollea. Retrieved June 1, 2023, from https://www.kollea.com/product-page/kollea-automatic-watering-system-indoor-plant-self-watering-system
Knodel, J. J., Kinzer, K., & Smith, R. (2009). Houseplants: Proper Care and Management of Pest Problems. NDSU Extension Service.
Lazicki, P., Geisseler, D., & Horwath, W. (n.d.). Celery Production in California Historic Background. Retrieved May 20, 2023, from https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Celery_Production_CA.pdf
Mohammadi, K., Khalesro, S., Sohrabi, Y., & Heidari, G. (2011). A Review: Beneficial Effects of the Mycorrhizal Fungi for Plant Growth . Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1(9), 210–119.
Peppershomeandgarden. “How Much Water Does Celery Need?” Pepper’s Home & Garden, 11 Nov. 2022, peppershomeandgarden.com/how-much-water-celery-need/.
Photosynthesis. Education. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/photosynthesis/
Proulx, R. (2021). On the general relationship between plant height and aboveground biomass of vegetation stands in contrasted ecosystems. PLOS ONE, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252080
Savci, S. (2012). An Agricultural Pollutant: Chemical Fertilizer. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 3(1), 1–4.
Top 20 Fruits and Vegetables Sold in the U.S. 2020. (2021, November 12). International Fresh Produce Association. https://www.freshproduce.com/resources/consumer-trends/top-20/
Yang, X., Mariotte, P., Guo, J., Hautier, Y., & Zhang, T. (2021). Suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi decreases the temporal stability of community productivity under elevated temperature and nitrogen addition in a temperate meadow. Science of The Total Environment, 762, 143137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143137
Yang, Y., Han, X., Liang, Y., Ghosh, A., Chen, J., & Tang, M. (2015). The Combined Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Lead (Pb) Stress on Pb Accumulation, Plant Growth Parameters, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Robinia pseudoacacia L. PLOS ONE, 10(12), e0145726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145726
Yang, Y., Liang, Y., Han, X., Chiu, T.-Y., Ghosh, A., Chen, H., & Tang, M. (2016). The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in phytoremediation and tree-herb interactions in Pb contaminated soil. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20469
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 Shrinidhi Pola, Saachi Sethi, Maitreyee Potdar, Krisa Desai; Prabhjeet Brar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.
