Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Updated Overview

Authors

  • Mohammad Qasim Minhas St. Stephen's Episcopal School

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i2.4420

Keywords:

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Lung Cancer, Smoking, Lung Cancer Risk Factors, GVAX, NSCLC, NSCLC Treatment, NSCLC Epidemiology, Chemotherapy, Targeted Therapy, HIV and Lung Cancer, NSCLC Symptoms, NSCLC Diagnosis, Surgery, Low Dose Helical Computed Tomography, Radiographic Screening, Lung Cancer Overview, NSCLC Overview, Lung Cancer and smoking

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, as 2.1 million people were diagnosed with the disease and 1.8 million passed away from lung cancer worldwide in 2018.[1] The condition is split into two sections: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). In this research paper, I discuss key aspects of NSCLC, including risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and epidemiology. Lastly, I conclude by outlining ongoing research aiming to prevent NSCLC.

 

[1] Word Health Organization. Cancer Fact Sheet, 2018.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References or Bibliography

Word Health Organization. Cancer Fact Sheet, 2018.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Non-small cell lung cancer: Medlineplus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007194.htm

What is lung cancer? Types of Lung Cancer. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/about/what-is.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, October 25). What are the risk factors for lung cancer? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/risk_factors.htm

Comparative dosimetry of Radon in mines and homes. (1991). National Academic Press, 166–193. https://doi.org/10.17226/1799

Herbst, R. S., Sarah Goldberg MD, MPH, & Anne Chiang, MD, PhD. (2022, October 26). Non-small cell lung cancer. Yale Medicine. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/non-small-cell-lung-cancer

Witschi, H. (2001). A short history of lung cancer. Toxicological Sciences, 64(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/64.1.4

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, March 22). Lung cancer. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

Cancer.Net Editorial Board. (2023, January 19). Lung cancer - non-small cell - risk factors and prevention. Cancer.Net. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/lung-cancer-non-small-cell/risk-factors-and-prevention

Lung cancer risk factors. Smoking & Lung Cancer. (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

Lung cancer causes: Lung cancer in Non-Smokers. Lung Cancer Causes | Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

Parascandola, M., & Xiao, L. (2019). Tobacco and the lung cancer epidemic in China. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 8(S1). https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.12

Le, T. (2018). First aid for the Usmle step 1 2018: A student to Student Guide. McGraw-Hill.

NCI Dictionary of Cancer terms. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/dysplasia

Cohen, A. J. (2003, December 1). Air pollution and lung cancer: What more do we need to know? Thorax. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://thorax.bmj.com/content/58/12/1010

Mao, Y., Yang, D., He, J., & Krasna, M. J. (2016). Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, 25(3), 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2016.02.001

WebMD. (n.d.). Why a non-smoker can get lung cancer: Radon, secondhand smoke, asbestos, and more. WebMD. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/non-smoker-lung-cancer

Radon and cancer. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/radon/radon-fact-sheet

Channel features NLR NP Test cap. WebMD. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/lung/features/risky-jobs-for-your-lungs?amp

American Cancer Society. (n.d.). Lung cancer risk factors. Smoking & Lung Cancer. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

Kanwal, M., Ding, X.-J., & Cao, Y. (2016). Familial risk for lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 13(2), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5518

PF;, P. (n.d.). Assessing the benefits and harms of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. Lung cancer management. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26617677/

Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). (n.d.). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2016. SEER. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2016/

Sobue, T., Moriyama, N., Kaneko, M., Kusumoto, M., Kobayashi, T., Tsuchiya, R., Kakinuma, R., Ohmatsu, H., Nagai, K., Nishiyama, H., Matsui, E., & Eguchi, K. (2002). Screening for lung cancer with low-dose helical computed tomography: Anti-Lung Cancer Association Project. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(4), 911–920. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.20.4.911

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, February 11). Lung cancer screening. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/lung-cancer-screening/about/pac-20385024

Low-dose CT Scan. Cancer Treatment Centers of America. (2022, May 6). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/lung-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection/low-dose-ct-scan

Risk factors: Radiation. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation

Nooreldeen, R., & Bach, H. (2021). Current and future development in lung cancer diagnosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 8661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168661

Denise R Aberle, Christine D Berg, William C Black, Timothy R Church, Richard M Fagerstrom, Barbara Galen, Ilana F Gareen, Constantine Gatsonis, Jonathan Goldin, John K Gohagan, Bruce Hillman, Carl Jaffe, Barnett S Kramer, David Lynch, Pamela M Marcus, Mi. (2011). The National Lung Screening Trial: Overview and study design. Radiology, 258(1), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10091808

Denise R Aberle, Amanda M Adams, Christine D Berg, William C Black, Jonathan D Clapp, Richard M Fagerstrom, Ilana F Gareen, Constantine Gatsonis, Pamela M Marcus, JoRean D Sicks. (2011). Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(5), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1102873

Association, A. L. (n.d.). Lung cancer fact sheet. American Lung Association. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/resource-library/lung-cancer-fact-sheet

Non-small cell lung cancer treatment by stage. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment by Stage. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-non-small-cell/by-stage.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, October 25). How is lung cancer diagnosed and treated? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/diagnosis_treatment.htm

Non-small cell lung cancer surgery: Lung cancer surgery. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Surgery | Lung Cancer Surgery. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-non-small-cell/surgery.html

Association, A. L. (n.d.). Lung cancer surgery. American Lung Association. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/treatment/types-of-treatment/lung-cancer-surgery

Association, A. L. (n.d.). Thoracotomy. American Lung Association. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-procedures-and-tests/thoracotomy

Association, A. L. (n.d.). Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery. American Lung Association. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-procedures-and-tests/minimally-invasive-thoracic-surgery

Alfarouk, K. O., Stock, C.-M., Taylor, S., Walsh, M., Muddathir, A. K., Verduzco, D., Bashir, A. H. H., Mohammed, O. Y., Elhassan, G. O., Harguindey, S., Reshkin, S. J., Ibrahim, M. E., & Rauch, C. (2015, July 15). Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: Failure in drug response from ADME to P-Gp - Cancer Cell International. BioMed Central. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1

NHS. (n.d.). Chemotherapy. NHS choices. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chemotherapy/

Targeted cancer therapy: Targeted drug therapy for cancer. Targeted Cancer Therapy | Targeted Drug Therapy for Cancer. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/targeted-therapy/what-is.html

Targeted drug therapy side effects: American cancer society. Targeted Drug Therapy Side Effects | American Cancer Society. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/targeted-therapy/side-effects.html

Hersh, E. (2021, March 12). Lung cancer prevention: 10 Ways to Lower Your Risk. Healthline. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-prevention

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, October 29). Health effects of cigarette smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm

NIDA. 2021, April 12. Is nicotine addictive? Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/nicotine-addictive

Health benefits of quitting smoking over time. American Cancer Society. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/benefits-of-quitting-smoking-over-time.html

WebMD. (n.d.). 13 best quit-smoking tips ever. WebMD. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/ss/slideshow-13-best-quit-smoking-tips-ever

Risk factors: Radiation. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation

"Radon and Cancer." National Cancer Institute. Web. 21 July 2021.

Kanwal, M., Ding, X.-J., & Cao, Y. (2016). Familial risk for lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 13(2), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5518

NHS. (n.d.). Overview: Lung Cancer. NHS choices. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/

Sigel, K., Makinson, A., & Thaler, J. (2017). Lung cancer in persons with HIV. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 12(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/coh.0000000000000326

HIV prevention. HIV prevention | Office on Women's Health. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.womenshealth.gov/hiv-and-aids/hiv-prevention

Wang, C., Yang, T., Guo, X.-fei, & Li, D. (2019). The associations of fruit and vegetable intake with lung cancer risk in participants with different smoking status: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients, 11(8), 1791. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081791

Troche, J. R., Mayne, S. T., Freedman, N. D., Shebl, F. M., & Abnet, C. C. (2015). The association between alcohol consumption and lung carcinoma by histological subtype. American Journal of Epidemiology, 183(2), 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv170

Lynne Eldridge, M. D. (n.d.). 10 tips for preventing lung cancer. Verywell Health. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/tips-for-lung-cancer-prevention-2249286

Emaus, A., & Thune, I. (2010). Physical activity and lung cancer prevention. Physical Activity and Cancer, 101–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04231-7_5

Duma, N., Santana-Davila, R., & Molina, J. R. (2019). Non–small cell lung cancer: Epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 94(8), 1623–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.013

Jemal, A., R. Siegel, J. Xu, and E. Ward. "Cancer Statistics, 2010." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 60.5 (2010): 277-300. Print.

Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2018). Cancer statistics, 2018. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21442

Kratzke, R., & Franklin, M. J. (2017). Lung Cancer Epidemiology. Encyclopedia of Cancer, 2100–2104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6893

Kohler, B. A., Ward, E., McCarthy, B. J., Schymura, M. J., Ries, L. A., Eheman, C., Jemal, A., Anderson, R. N., Ajani, U. A., & Edwards, B. K. (2011). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2007, featuring tumors of the brain and other nervous system. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 103(9), 714–736. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr077

Wakelee, H. A., Chang, E. T., Gomez, S. L., Keegan, T. H., Feskanich, D., Clarke, C. A., Holmberg, L., Yong, L. C., Kolonel, L. N., Gould, M. K., & West, D. W. (2007). Lung cancer incidence in never smokers. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(5), 472–478. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.07.2983

Ramlogan-Steel, C. A., Steel, J. C., & Morris, J. C. (2013, December 26). Lung cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Translational Lung Cancer Research. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/1850/2726

Published

05-31-2023

How to Cite

Minhas, M. Q. (2023). Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: An Updated Overview. Journal of Student Research, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i2.4420

Issue

Section

HS Review Articles