New Therapeutic Approaches for Sensory Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease

Authors

  • Chaitanya Reddy Rider High School
  • Marta Madureira Horzion Academic Research Program

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.3793

Keywords:

Neuroscience, Brain, Alzheimer, Symptoms

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that results in cellular death within the brain. As there are very few ways to diagnose AD in its earliest stages, research into symptoms of this disease is crucial to better understand its progression. Early detection of these markers in prodromal AD is necessary for early intervention and effective treatment. Changes in sensory symptoms may be indicative of AD. Alterations in sensory feedback are often attributed to aging. However, in prodromal AD, changes in sensory stimulus may have not yet affected a patient’s quality of life. Evidence from clinical trials and multiple studies suggests that a decline in sensory function has been associated with prodromal AD. In this review, we will focus on the neuropathological changes that occur within AD for the olfactory, visual, and auditory systems. Additionally, we will analyze the uses of these systems and some subsystems such as time awareness, music, and general sensory routines in slowing down the disease progression. While the initial evidence supporting these systems’ usefulness for detecting AD is promising, more studies are required to fully understand their relationship with AD. Understanding symptom advancement is critical to developing non-pharmacological methods for the treatment of clinical AD.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References or Bibliography

Porsteinsson, A. P., Isaacson, R. S., Knox, S., Sabbagh, M. N. & Rubino, I. Diagnosis of Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical Practice in 2021. Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 8 371–386 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2021.23 (2021).

Albers, M. W. et al. At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimers Dement 11, 70 (2015).

Guzmán-Vélez, E. et al. Amyloid-β; and tau pathologies relate to distinctive brain dysconnectomics in preclinical autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, e2113641119 (2022).

Gulisano, W. et al. Role of Amyloid-β and Tau Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease: Confuting the Amyloid Cascade. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 64, S611–S631 (2018).

Yiannopoulou, K. G. & Papageorgiou, S. G. Current and future treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders vol. 6 19–33 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285612461679 (2013).

Gallardo, G. & Holtzman, D. M. Antibody Therapeutics Targeting Ab and Tau. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a024331.

Morris, G. P., Clark, I. A. & Vissel, B. Inconsistencies and Controversies Surrounding the Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Neuropathologica Communications vol. 2 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-014-0135-5 (2014).

Tcw, J. & Goate, A. M. Genetics of b-Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a024539.

Coleman, M. & Sheppard Olivia. Alzheimer’s Disease: Drug Discovery. Alzheimer’s Disease: Drug Discovery (Exon Publications, 2020). doi:10.36255/exonpublications.alzheimersdisease.2020.

Thal, D. R., Rüb, U., Orantes, M. & Braak, H. Phases of Aβ-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 58, 1791 (2002).

Pooler, A. M. et al. Amyloid accelerates tau propagation and toxicity in a model of early Alzheimer’s disease. (2015) doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0199-x.

Albers, M. W., Tabert, M. H. & Devanand, D. P. Olfactory dysfunction as a predictor of neurodegenerative disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 6, 379–386 (2006).

Tian, Q., Bilgel, M., Moghekar, A. R., Ferrucci, L. & Resnick, S. M. Olfaction, Cognitive Impairment, and PET Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 86, 1275–1285 (2022).

MEISAMI, E., MIKHAIL, L., BAIM, D. & BHATNAGAR, K. P. Human Olfactory Bulb: Aging of Glomeruli and Mitral Cells and a Search for the Accessory Olfactory Bulba. Ann N Y Acad Sci 855, 708–715 (1998).

Vos, S. J. B. et al. Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and its outcome: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol 12, 957–965 (2013).

Braak, H. et al. Staging of Alzheimer disease-associated neuroWbrillary pathology using paraYn sections and immunocytochemistry. Acta Neuropathol 112, 389–404 (2006).

Braak, H., Braak, E. & Braak, E. Staging of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neurofibrillary Changes. Neurobiology of Aging vol. 16 (1995).

Luo, Y. et al. Deep Brain Stimulation for Alzheimer’s Disease: Stimulation Parameters and Potential Mechanisms of Action. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience vol. 13 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.619543 (2021).

el Haj, M. & Kapogiannis, D. Time distortions in alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and theoretical integration. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2, (2016).

Llano, D. A., Kwok, S. S. & Devanarayan, V. Reported Hearing Loss in Alzheimer’s Disease Is Associated With Loss of Brainstem and Cerebellar Volume. Front Hum Neurosci 15, (2021).

Leggieri, M. et al. Music intervention approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: A review of the literature. Frontiers in Neuroscience vol. 13 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00132 (2019).

Kotecha, A. M., Corrêa, A. D. C., Fisher, K. M. & Rushworth, J. v. Olfactory dysfunction as a global biomarker for sniffing out Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Biosensors (Basel) 8, (2018).

Marquié, M. et al. Visual impairment in aging and cognitive decline: experience in a Memory Clinic. Sci Rep 9, (2019).

Zou, Y. M., Lu, D., Liu, L. P., Zhang, H. H. & Zhou, Y. Y. Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment vol. 12 869–875 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S104886 (2016).

Esiri, M. M. & Wilcock, G. K. The olfactory bulbs in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47, 56–60 (1984).

Son, G. et al. Olfactory neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease: a sign of ongoing neurodegeneration. BMB Rep 54, 295–304 (2021).

Niemantsverdriet, E., Valckx, S., Bjerke, M. & Engelborghs, S. Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarkers: clinical indications and rational use. Acta Neurologica Belgica vol. 117 591–602 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-017-0816-5 (2017).

Tu, L. et al. Association of Odor Identification Ability With Amyloid-β and Tau Burden: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience vol. 14 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.586330 (2020).

Lippi, S. L. P., Smith, M. L. & Flinn, J. M. A Novel hAPP/htau Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease: Inclusion of APP With Tau Exacerbates Behavioral Deficits and Zinc Administration Heightens Tangle Pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 10, (2018).

Son, G., Steinbusch, H. W. M., López-Iglesias, C., Moon, C. & Jahanshahi, A. Severe histomorphological alterations in post-mortem olfactory glomeruli in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathology 32, (2022).

Murray, H. C. et al. The unfolded protein response is activated in the olfactory system in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 8, (2020).

Dibattista, M., Pifferi, S., Menini, A. & Reisert, J. Alzheimer’s Disease: What Can We Learn From the Peripheral Olfactory System? Frontiers in Neuroscience vol. 14 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00440 (2020).

Kim, Y. H. et al. Amyloid beta in nasal secretions may be a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep 9, 4966 (2019).

la Morgia, C. et al. Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 79, 90–109 (2016).

Yamasaki, T. et al. Relevance of in vivo neurophysiological biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 31 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-112093 (2012).

Hinton, D. R., Sadun, A. A., Blanks, J. C. & Miller, C. A. Optic-Nerve Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 315, 485–487 (1986).

Holroyd, S., Shepherd, M. L. & Hunter Downs, J. Occipital Atrophy Is Associated With Visual Hallucinations in Alzheimer’s Disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences vol. 12 (2000).

Snyder, P. J. et al. Retinal imaging in Alzheimer’s and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s and Dementia vol. 17 103–111 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12179 (2021).

Homolak, J., Mudrovčić, M., Vukić, B. & Toljan, K. Circadian Rhythm and Alzheimer’s Disease. Medical Sciences 6, 52 (2018).

Koronyo-Hamaoui, M. et al. Identification of amyloid plaques in retinas from Alzheimer’s patients and noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of retinal plaques in a mouse model. Neuroimage 54, (2011).

Thomson, R. S., Auduong, P., Miller, A. T. & Gurgel, R. K. Hearing loss as a risk factor for dementia: A systematic review. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology vol. 2 69–79 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.65 (2017).

Panza, F., Solfrizzi, V. & Logroscino, G. Age-related hearing impairment—a risk factor and frailty marker for dementia and AD. Nat Rev Neurol 11, 166–175 (2015).

Alvarado, J. C., Fuentes-Santamaría, V. & Juiz, J. M. Frailty Syndrome and Oxidative Stress as Possible Links Between Age-Related Hearing Loss and Alzheimer’s Disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience vol. 15 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.816300 (2022).

Ralli, M. et al. Hearing loss and Alzheimer’s disease: A review. International Tinnitus Journal vol. 23 79–85 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.5935/0946-5448.20190014 (2019).

Gates, G. A., Anderson, M. L., Feeney, M. P., McCurry, S. M. & Larson, E. B. Central auditory dysfunction in older persons with memory impairment or alzheimer dementia. Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 134, 771–777 (2008).

O’Leary, T. P. et al. Reduced acoustic startle response and peripheral hearing loss in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Genes Brain Behav 16, 554–563 (2017).

Henderson, D., Bielefeld, E. C., Harris, K. C. & Hu, B. H. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Ear Hear 27, (2006).

Wang, L. Y., Pei, J., Zhan, Y. J. & Cai, Y. W. Overview of Meta-Analyses of Five Non-pharmacological Interventions for Alzheimer’s Disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience vol. 12 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.594432 (2020).

Cammisuli, D. M., Danti, S., Bosinelli, F. & Cipriani, G. Non-pharmacological interventions for people with Alzheimer’s Disease: A critical review of the scientific literature from the last ten years. Eur Geriatr Med 7, 57–64 (2016).

Plancher, G., Tirard, A., Gyselinck, V., Nicolas, S. & Piolino, P. Using virtual reality to characterize episodic memory profiles in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: Influence of active and passive encoding. Neuropsychologia 50, 592–602 (2012).

Moreira, S. V., Justi, F. R. dos R. & Moreira, M. Can musical intervention improve memory in alzheimer’s patients? Evidence from a systematic review. Dementia e Neuropsychologia 12, 133–142 (2018).

Arroyo-Anlló, E. M., Díaz, J. P. & Gil, R. Familiar Music as an Enhancer of Self-Consciousness in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomed Res Int 2013, 752965 (2013).

Guétin, S. et al. Effect of Music Therapy on Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Alzheimer’s Type Dementia: Randomised, Controlled Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 28, 36–46 (2009).

Li, C. H. et al. Adjunct effect of music therapy on cognition in alzheimer’s disease in Taiwan: A pilot study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 11, 291–296 (2015).

Giovagnoli, A. R. et al. Cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease: a controlled randomized study. Neurological Sciences 38, 1485–1493 (2017).

Gómez Gallego, M. & Gómez García, J. Music therapy and Alzheimer’s disease: Cognitive, psychological, and behavioural effects. Neurología (English Edition) 32, 300–308 (2017).

Sakamoto, M., Ando, H. & Tsutou, A. Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly individuals with severe dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 25, 775–784 (2013).

Leggieri, M. et al. Music intervention approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: A review of the literature. Frontiers in Neuroscience vol. 13 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00132 (2019).

Clay, F. et al. Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 75, 23–43 (2020).

Persson, A., Möller, M. C., Dahlberg, L., Löfgren, M. & Janeslätt, G. Assessing time processing ability and daily time management in persons with dementia: Psychometric properties of three instruments. Aust Occup Ther J (2022) doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12827.

el Haj, M. & Kapogiannis, D. Time distortions in alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and theoretical integration. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2, (2016).

Carmen Carrasco Rosa Redolat M., M. J. G. Estimation of Short Temporal Intervals in Alzheimer’s Disease. Exp Aging Res 26, 139–151 (2000).

Tulving, E. Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain. Annu Rev Psychol 53, 1–25 (2002).

Guo, L., Nizari, S., Normando, E. M., Sensi, S. & Cordeiro, M. F. Amyloid-ß and Tau Pathology in the Retina of a Triple-Transgenic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease (3xTg-AD). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51, 2113 (2010).

Shimazawa, M. et al. Reduced retinal function in amyloid precursor protein-over-expressing transgenic mice via attenuating glutamate-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor signaling. J Neurochem 107, 279–290 (2008).

Dutescu, R. M. et al. Amyloid precursor protein processing and retinal pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 247, 1213–1221 (2009).

Perez, S. E., Lumayag, S., Kovacs, B., Mufson, E. J. & Xu, S. β-amyloid deposition and functional impairment in the retina of the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50, 793–800 (2009).

Ning, A., Cui, J., To, E., Ashe, K. H. & Matsubara, J. Amyloid-β deposits lead to retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49, 5136–5143 (2008).

Liu, B. et al. Amyloid-peptide vaccinations reduce β-amyloid plaques but exacerbate vascular deposition and inflammation in the retina of Alzheimer’s transgenic mice. American Journal of Pathology 175, 2099–2110 (2009).

Koronyo-Hamaoui, M. et al. Identification of amyloid plaques in retinas from Alzheimer’s patients and noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of retinal plaques in a mouse model. Neuroimage 54, (2011).

Published

08-31-2022

How to Cite

Reddy, C., & Madureira, M. (2022). New Therapeutic Approaches for Sensory Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Student Research, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.3793

Issue

Section

HS Review Articles