How is the vestibular system affected by microgravity, and what implications could this have on elderly patients with ageing-related vestibular dysfunction?

Abstract

Microgravity likely affects all body systems to some degree, this review will concentrate primarily on the vestibular system, as it is the organ which detects gravity and controls balance. It will also focus on how the body adapts to attenuate microgravity-induced physiological problems. Understanding the function of the vestibular system will lead to improved adaptation strategies for astronauts entering a microgravity environment and returning to Earth. It will also help aviation pilots, who experience changing gravity levels, and people on Earth, specifically the elderly, prone to dizziness and disorientation.

The impact of ageing on the vestibular system is profound medically and economically. An evaluated $10-$20 billion annual expense is associated with fall-related injuries. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics states that 75.3% of the US population over the age of 70 have issues with balance. The number of balance disordered patients due to vestibular dysfunction may reach epidemic proportions. To improve the management of elderly patients with balance disorders, dizziness and vestibular disease, we must research the vestibular system more; expanding this research to the realms of microgravity will offer new perspectives and explanations of the physiology and mechanisms of the vestibular system.