Mutations In Influenza Viruses and Prevention Against These Viruses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v11i2.2568Keywords:
Influenza, Influenza Virus, Virus, CRISPR, Mutations, Mutations in Influenza VirusAbstract
The flu originated in 1918 and started a pandemic that spread around the world, killing millions. Other than the current COVID-19 pandemic, the Flu Pandemic of the late 1910s and early 1920s has killed and infected more people than any other virus in modern world history. Since then, the flu has become a seasonal virus that has predictable times of infections. Due to modern medicine, most people are able to survive such infections, and continue on with their lives with little impact. However, as you might come to wonder either eventually or even right now, a person may be curious behind why such an “outdated virus” still continues to live on every winter season. This paper will research the mechanisms of such processes that allow these viruses to stay “alive” (because they technically are not a living thing) and prevent themselves from being eradicated by today’s medical technology. We also look into common and new preventions/ treatments that is/ can be used to eventually eradicate the flu.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
Cann, A. (2008). Replication of Viruses. Encyclopedia of Virology, 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00486-6
Central Dogma of Biology: Classic View. (2007). National Center for Biotechnology Information, 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/MLACourse/Modules/MolBioReview/central_dogma.html
The Central Dogma of Genetics. (n.d.). [Illustration]. Exploring Nature. https://www.exploringnature.org/graphics/genome_art/central_dogma72.jpg
Chandra, K. C. (n.d.). Structure of influenza viruses [Illustration]. EazzyNotes. https://i0.wp.com/eazzynotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/influenzaviruslabeled-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C503&ssl=1
Collins, F. (2021). CRISPR-Based Anti-Viral Therapy Could One Day Foil the Flu—and COVID-19. NIH Director’s Blog. https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/03/16/crispr-based-anti-viral-therapy-could-one-day-foil-the-flu-and-covid-19/
Grubaugh, N. et al. (2020). We shouldn’t worry when a virus mutates during disease outbreaks. Nature Microbiology, 5(4), 529–530. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0690-4
How Flu Viruses Can Change. (2021, September 21). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 21, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm
Influenza Milestones 1917 – 2009 Timeline | Pandemic Influenza (Flu) | CDC. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 22, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/milestone-infographic.htm
McNeil, T. M. (2021, August 20). How Viruses Mutate and Create New Variants. Tufts Now. Retrieved January 8, 2022, from https://now.tufts.edu/articles/how-viruses-mutate-and-create-new-variants
Past Seasons Estimated Influenza Disease Burden | CDC. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/past-seasons.html
Percentage of visits for influenza- like illness (ILI) reported by the U.S. outpatient influenza-like illness surveillance network (ILINet), weekly national summary, september 28, 2008 - november 12, 2011). (n.d.). [Graph]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2011-2012/images/picILI45.GIF
Sanjuán, R. et al. (2016). Mechanisms of viral mutation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73(23), 4433–4448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2299-6
Vaccine Effectiveness: How Well Do Flu Vaccines Work? | CDC. (2021, October 25). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/vaccines-work/vaccineeffect.htm
What is CRISPR? (n.d.). [Illustration]. Absolute Knowledge. https://www.absolute-knowledge.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CRISPR.jpg
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 Rohit Rao
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.