Mothers’ Behaviors and Children’s Social Confidence and Ability: Correlations from the NLSY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i4.2228Keywords:
Shyness, Mimicry, Spankings, Outings, Social Confidence, ChildrenAbstract
The understanding of shyness and social withdrawal has been built over the past half century with research looking into factors that cause this in children. However, not many mention the natural phenomenon of if children mimic social confidence from their adult figure. This study used correlation analyses to investigate the relations between parents’ behaviors and attitudes and their children’s social confidence and ability. Data were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1986 Child and Young Adult Survey Mother Supplement. Results showed weak correlation between social confidence and outings frequency, either with family and friends or not. However, children who were spanked more frequently positively correlated with their mothers rating them to be more high strung. Furthermore, all hypotheses showed results that follow the direction of the prediction, so further investigation into the topic may show more significant correlation or a causation relationship of the variables.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
Anderson J. (2014). The impact of family structure on the health of children: Effects of divorce. The Linacre quarterly, 81(4), 378–387. https://doi.org/10.1179/0024363914Z.00000000087.
Alibrando, S.A. (1988). The effects of corporal punishment and contextual parental characteristics on rebelliousness, neuroticism and introversion. Biola University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Asendorpf, J. (1986). Shyness in middle and late childhood. In W. H. Jones, J, M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspective~ on research and treatment (pp. 91-103). New York: Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0525-3.
Bandura, A. (1962) Social learning through imitation. In M. R. Jones (ED.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: Univer. Nebraska Press. Pp. 211-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_1257.
Bandura, A., & McDonald, F. J. (1963) The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children’s moral judgments. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 67(3), 274-281. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044714.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, 1979-2016 (rounds 1-27). Produced and distributed by the Center for Human Resource Research (CHRR), The Ohio State University. Columbus, OH: 2019.
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(2), 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.2.330
Crozier, W.R. Explanations of social shyness. (1982). Current Psychological Reviews 2, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02684454.
Crozier, W. R. (1995). Shyness and self-esteem in middle childhood. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1995.tb01133.x.
Durrant J, Trocmé N, Fallon B, Milne C, Black T, Knoke D. CECW Information Sheet #41E. University of Toronto, Faculty of Social Work; Toronto, ON: 2006. Punitive violence against children in Canada.
East, P. (1991). The Parent-Child Relationships of Withdrawn, Aggressive, and Sociable Children: Child and Parent Perspectives. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37(3), 425-443. Retrieved September 2, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23087398
Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1993). Pathways to aggression and social withdrawal: Interactions
among temperament, attachment, and regulation. In K. Rubin & J. Asendorpf (Eds.), Social
withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gershoff E. T. (2013). Spanking and Child Development: We Know Enough Now To Stop Hitting Our Children. Child Development Perspectives, 7(3), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12038.
Harris, M. A., & Orth, U. (2019). The Link Between Self-Esteem and Social Relationships: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000265.
Homel R, Burns A, Goodnow J. (1987) Parental Social Networks and Child Development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1987;4(2):159-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407587042004
Kagan J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1988). Biological basis of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3353713.
Levine, S. (1993). The influence of social factors on the response to stress. Psychotherapy and
Psychosomatics, 60, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288677.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2167.
Poole, K. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2019). Smiling through the shyness: The adaptive function of positive affect in shy children. Emotion, 19(1), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000426
Putallaz, M., & Heflin, A. (1990). Parent-child interaction. In S. Asher & J. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 189-216). New York: Cambridge University Press.
SAS Institute Inc. (2013). SAS/ACCESS® 9.4 Interface to ADABAS: Reference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Segrin, Chris. (2017). Indirect Effects of Social Skills on Health Through Stress and Loneliness. Health Communication. 1 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1384434
Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots maladaptation and competence. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium in Child Psychology, 16. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wood, J.J., Repetti, R.L. & Roesch, S.C. (2004). Divorce and Children’s Adjustment Problems at Home and School: The Role of Depressive/Withdrawn Parenting. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 35, 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-004-1881-6.
Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What is it and what to do about it. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 Kitty To; Ryan Lange
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.