Increase in Stress and Post-Traumatic Stress During 6 Month Quarantine in Various Demographics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v10i4.2186Keywords:
Stress, Post-Traumatic Stress, Coronavirus, Coping MechanismsAbstract
Due to the Coronavirus, people have quarantined for periods of at least six months all over the world. In the United States, there have been over six hundred thousand Coronavirus deaths and over 33 million cases of COVID-19 as of May 2021(World O Meter 2021). When the pandemic first struck, 23 million people in the U. S. lost their jobs. Today's unemployment rate is higher than it was during the Great Depression, which lasted from the 1920s to the late 1930s. People are stressed about COVID, according to John Hopkins (Maguire 2020), and they encourage people to find coping mechanisms. When a person is stressed, they experience physical or emotional tension (MedlinePlus 2020). Since coping can have a detrimental effect on the immune system, coping in necessary (Maguire 2020). This study sought to determine whether people aged 18 and up experienced a rise in stress levels during a 6-month quarantine period. Then, based on the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) score, this study would determine which coping mechanism, if any, is most successful in alleviating quarantine-induced stress. It was found that there was a significant increase in stress levels after a six-month quarantine period with a confidence level of 95% and a p-value of 0.00000031. The data also showed that there was not a significant difference in the stress levels between varying coping mechanisms with a p-value of 0.23. It is recommended to use a coping mechanism, all coping mechanisms are effective when matched properly to each individual.
Downloads
References or Bibliography
NIH U.S National Library of Medicine. "Stress and Your Health." Medline plus.
[Updated October 8, 2020;Accessed November 6, 2020]
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003211.htm
APA. "Stress Effects on the Body." American Psychological Association. [Last
modified [November 18, 2020; Accessed November 6, 2020]. https://www.apa.org/
topics/stress-body.
Mental Health Foundation. Stress. [Accessed November 6, 2020].
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/a-to-z/s/stress.
Mind. "How to Manage Stress." Mind for Better Mental Health. [Updated
November 2017;Accessed November 6, 2020]. https://www.mind.org.uk/
information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/stress/causes-of-stress/.
"United States." World O Meter. [Updated November 6, 2020;Accessed
November 6, 2021]. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/.
Koeze, Ella. "6 Months after Coronavirus Shutdowns, the Shape(s) of the Economic
Crisis." New York Times. [Updated October 5, 2020; Accessed November
, 2020]. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/05/business/economy/
coronavirus-unemployment-recovery.html.
Help Guide. Job Loss and Unemployment Stress. [Updated April 2020; Accessed
November 6, 2020]. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/stress/
job-loss-and-unemployment-stress.htm.
Mattioli, Anna V., Milena Nasi, Camila Cocchi, and Alberto Farinetti. "COVID 19
Outbreak: Impact of the Quarantine-induced Stress on Cardiovascular Disease
Risk Burden." US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of
Health. [Updated April 2020; Accessed November 2020]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7202322/.
Maguire, Joseph F. "Stressed about COVID-19? Here's What Can Help." Health. [Accessed
November 6, 2020]. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/
coronavirus/stressed-about-covid19-heres-what-can-help.
Besser, Avi, Sari Lotem, and Virgil Ziegler-Hill. "Psychological Stress and Vocal Symptoms
among University Professors in Israel: Implications of the Shift to Online Synchronous
Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic." The Voice Foundation
https://www.jvoice.org/article/S0892-1997(20)30190-9/ fulltext.
Field, Kelly. "10 Tips to Support Students in a Stressful Shift to Online
Learning." The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://ssca.memberclicks.net/
assets/docs/2020/OnlineTransition/Shift_Online_Articles_for_Faculty.pdf.
Hawryluck, Laura, Wayne L. Gold, Susan Robinson, Stephen Pogorski, Sandro Galea,
and Rima Styra. "SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine,
Toronto, Canada." US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of
Health. [Updated July 10, 2004;Accessed November 8, 2020]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323345/.
CDC. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. [Updated May 3, 2005;Accessed November 8, 2020]
https://www.cdc.gov/sars/quarantine/fs-isolation.html.
McCabe, Donna. "The Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R)." Edited by Sherry A.
Greenberg and Robin Coyne. Try This: General Assessment. [Updated 2019;
Accessed November 8, 2020] https://hign.org/sites/default/files/ 2020-06/Try_This_General_Assessment_19.pdf
Cohen Janicki-Deverts 2012. Who’s Stressed? Distributions of Psychological
Stress in the United States in Probability Samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009:Journal of Applied Social Psychology.[Updated 2012; Accessed 2020 April 18]https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/psychology/s tress-immunity-disease-lab/abstracts/pdf/whos_stressed_jasp_2012.pdf
Ponton, Lynn. "20 Tips to Tame Your Stress." Psychcentral. [Updated January
, 2020. Accessed November 13, 2020. https://psychcentral.com/lib/
-tips-to-tame-your-stress/.
Maeng, Lisa, Y, and Mohammed Milad, R. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The
Relationship between the Fear Response and Chronic Stress." Sage Journals.
[Updated June 27, 2017; Accessed April 12, 2021.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2470547017713297.
Karlovitch, Sara, ed. "COVID-19 Pandemic Has Increased Stress, Depression."
Pharmacy Times.[Updated September 21, 2020. Accessed March 12, 2021.
https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/
covid-19-pandemic-has-increased-stress-depression.
Cruces J, Venero C, Pereda-Pérez I, De la Fuente M. The effect of psychological stress
and social isolation on neuroimmune endocrine communication. Curr Pharm
Des.[Updated 2014;Accessed March 12, 2021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24588822/
Goodman, Ken. "Flatten the Fear with Facts: What Is an Appropriate Level of
COVID-19 Worry and the Steps You Can Take to Reduce Anxiety." Anxiety and
Depression Association of America.[Updated November 23, 2020.
Accessed March 12, 2021. https://adaa.org/learn-from-us/from-the-experts/
blog-posts/consumer/flatten-fear-facts-what-appropriate-level-covid.
Lumen. "Coping with and Managing Stress." Lumen: Boundless Psychology.
[Accessed March 12, 2021] https://courses.lumenlearning.com/bo
Undless-psycholog chapter/coping-with-and-managing-stress/.
Aubrey, Allison. "Who's Hit Hardest by COVID-19? Why Obesity, Stress and Race
All Matter." NPR.[Updated April 18, 2020. Accessed March 12, 2021.
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/18/835563340/
whos-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-why-obesity-stress-and-race-all-matter?t=16151
AMP Research Staff. "The Color of Coronavirus: COVID-19 Deaths by Race and
Ethnicity in the U.S." AMP Research Lab.[Updated March 5, 2021;Accessed March 12, 2020]
https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/Deaths-by-race
Parker, Kim, Rachel Mikinin, and Jesse Bennet. "Economic Fallout from COVID-19
Continues to Hit Lower-Income Americans the Hardest." Pew Research Center.
https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/09/24/
economic-fallout-from-covid-19-continues-to-hit-lower-income-americans-the-hardest/.
"Employment and Unemployment Among Youth Summary." U.S Bureau of Statistics.[Updated
August 18, 2020. Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www.bls.gov/ news.release/youth.nr0.htm.
Yu, Boajuan, Xiuxiu Zhou, Hohjin Im, Mingfan Liu, and Xing Quian Wang. "Epidemic
Rumination and Resilience on College Students' Depressive Symptoms during
the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Fatigue." Edited by Qiang
Yang. Frontiers in Public Health.[Updated December 9, 2020; Accessed
March 12, 2021]. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/
fpubh.2020.560983/full.
Knight, Wendy E J., and Nikki S. Rickard. "Relaxing Music Prevents Stress
Induced Increases in Subjective Anxiety, Systolic Blood Pressure, and Heart
Rate in Healthy Males and Females." China Music Therapy.[Updated
;Accessed March 12, 2021]. http://www.chinamusictherapy.org/file/file/
doc/Relaxing%20Music%20Prevents%20Stress-Induced%20Increases%20in%
Subjective%20Anxiety,%20Systolic%20Blood%20Pressure,%20a
d%20Heart%20Rate%20in%20Healthy.pdf.
Health Assured. "The Difference between Stress and Perceived Stress."
Health Assured.[Updated September 30, 2019; Accessed March 12, 2021].
https://www.healthassured.org/blog/perceived-stress/.
Tucker, Phebe, Dr., and Christopher S. Czapla, Dr. "Post-COVID Stress Disorder:
Another Emerging Consequence of the Global Pandemic." Psychiatric Times.
[Updated January 8, 2021;Accessed March 15, 2021].
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/
post-covid-stress-disorder-emerging-consequence-global-pandemic.
Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R). [Accessed June 1, 2021].
https://www.aerztenetz-grafschaft.de/download/IES-R-englisch-5-stufig.pdf.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 Claire Padilla
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright holder(s) granted JSR a perpetual, non-exclusive license to distriute & display this article.
